Writing Archive
Manet ’round the family, The New Criterion, December 2024
The Case for Institutional Plurality, Root Quarterly, Volume VI, Issue No. 2
Art Under Quiet Siege, Foundation Against Intolerance & Racism, September 19, 2024
A painted universe: On “Paula Modersohn-Becker: Ich Bin Ich / I Am Me” at the Neue Galerie, New York, The New Criterion, September 5, 2024
Exhibition note: On “Edgar Degas: Multi-Media Artist in the Age of Impressionism” at the Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts, The New Criterion, September 2024
Exhibition note: On “Glory of the World: Color Field Painting (1950s to 1983)” at NSU Art Museum, Fort Lauderdale, The New Criterion, June 2024
On “Edward Hopper & Cape Ann: Illuminating an American Landscape,” at the Cape Ann Museum, Gloucester, Massachusetts., The New Criterion, October 2023
Exhibition note: On “The Provincetown Printmakers” at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, The New Criterion, September 2023
Bees in the sphere of the mytho-domestic, The New Criterion, April 28, 2023
Miami chronicle, The New Criterion, April 2023
This Magic Moment: Modigliani Up Close casts a spell at the Barnes, Root Quarterly, Winter 2023, Volume IV, Issue No. 3
Exhibition Note: On “Alex Katz: Theater and Dance” at the Colby Museum of Art, Waterville, Maine, The New Criterion, January 2023
To the summit, via Philadelphia, The New Criterion, December 2022
A chronicler of enormities, Spectator World, November 2022
"Cultural appropriation" isn't real. It's just culture, The Foundation Against Intolerance and Racism, October 3, 2022
Abstract Romanticism on the Atlantic, The New Criterion, September 14, 2022
Luigi Lucioni: Modern Light—Cranking up the Realism, The Arts Fuse, September 6, 2022
Heroes forever and ever, The New Criterion, August 23, 2022
A painter poetaster, The New Criterion, June 2022
Philip Guston and the Impossibility of Art Criticism, The Arts Fuse, May 3, 2022
Exhibition Note: On “Milton Avery” at the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, The New Criterion, April 2022
Going Greco-Roman in Boston, Spectator World, February 21, 2022
Boston Mayor Watches As Her Vaccine Mandate Ruins Restaurants, The Federalist, February 2, 2022
When Women were easier to obtain than food: Picasso’s Blue Period, artcritical, January 31, 2022
Authority and Freedom: A Defense of the Arts—A Review, Quillette, January 15, 2022
Kikuo Saito: Matter and Action, Kikuo Saito, James Fuentes Press, 2021
“Titian: Women, Myth & Power” — The Furious Force of Transcendent Artistry, The Arts Fuse, August 22, 2021
Albert Pinkham Ryder’s “A Wild Note of Longing” — Mysterious to the Point of Holy, The Arts Fuse, August 6, 2021
Organizing Sensation: An Interview with Paula Swaydan Grebel, Gwen Strahle, and John Goodrich, Zeuxis, April 4, 2021
The Sea Stacks of Scott Bennett, brochure essay, February 2021
Still Life With Women and Ironies, The American Spectator, August 8, 2020
How to Be an Artist: Step 1, Skip This Book, The American Spectator, May 18, 2020
The Virtual Critic: A Thought Experiment, AICA-USA Magazine, April 20, 2020
Painting Edo—Lessons About Art and the Good Society, The Arts Fuse, February 14, 2020
James Walsh is the Whole Band, catalogue essay for James Walsh: The Elemental at Berry Campbell, January 9, 2020
Exhibition note: On “N. C. Wyeth: New Perspectives” at the Portland Museum of Art, The New Criterion, December 2019
Exhibition note: On “Hyman Bloom: Matters of Life and Death” at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, The New Criterion, September 2019
Elizabeth Warren’s Proposed Breakup Of Big Tech Only Reveals Her Ignorance And Hypocrisy, The Federalist, July 25, 2019
Ever his own man: On Oskar Kokoschka: Expressionist, Migrant, European at the Leopold Museum, Vienna, The New Criterion, April 25, 2019
Bourgeois Radicalism in the Art of Ashley Norwood Cooper, catalogue essay for an exhibition at First Street Gallery, January 29, 2019
Elisabeth Condon: Near and Distant Views, catalogue essay for an exhibition at Miami International Airport, November 22, 2018
Ann Walsh's Mechanics of Color, catalogue essay for Ann Walsh: Colors at the Sam & Adele Golden Gallery, October 6, 2018
Rockland Chronicle, The New Criterion, October 2018
"Leonardo: Discoveries from Verocchio's Studio," Yale University Art Gallery, The New Criterion, September 2018
Left In Denial Blames Evergreen’s Bat-Wielding Student Mobs On Professor Who Opposed Racism, The Federalist, June 18, 2018
Don’t Listen To The Communists, Madeline: It’s True They’d Take Your Rights, The Federalist, May 22, 2018
Art in the Age of the Internet, 1989 to Today - Institute of Contemporary Art/Boston, DigBoston, May 10, 2018
Chuck Webster: Pilgrims: Drawings 2017-2018 - Steven Zevitas Gallery, DigBoston, May 10, 2018
Exhibition Note: On "Fra Angelico: Heaven on Earth" at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, The New Criterion, May 2018
Conny Goelz Schmitt: More Questions than Answers - Kingston Gallery, DigBoston, April 12, 2018
Beauty and Doubt, catalogue essay for Bill Scott: Leaf and Line at Hollis Taggart Galleries, March 2018
Bryan Christie: Heaven Painter, Hell Painter, The Weekly Standard, March 2, 2018
Inventur: Art in Germany, 1943-55 - Harvard Art Museums, DigBoston, February 22, 2018
Culture Hustlers: Artists Minding Their Business - Mills Gallery, DigBoston, February 22, 2018
With Gold Toilet Offer, Guggenheim Competes With Trump In Vulgarity, The Federalist, January 29, 2018
Norwegian would: the efforts of Edvard Munch, The New Criterion, January 10, 2018
Exhibition Note: On "Modigliani Unmaksed" at the Jewish Museum, The New Criterion, December 2017
Seeking Stillness - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, DigBoston, November 2, 2017
Mark Rothko: Reflection - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, DigBoston, November 2, 2017
Dana Schutz - Institute of Contemporary Art/Boston, DigBoston, October 28, 2017
“Bernard Chaet: First Light” at Alpha Gallery, The New Criterion, October 3, 2017
Robert Richfield: Abridged - Gallery Kayafas, DigBoston, September 15, 2017
Angela A’Court: Thisness - Gallery BOM, DigBoston, September 15, 2017
Sean Downey: Wholly Idle - Steven Zevitas Gallery, DigBoston, September 15, 2017
Reordering the Rainbow: The geographic and stylistic travels of Anya Smolnikova, DigBoston, August 16, 2017
NYT Columnist Lindy West Debuts With Clueless Rant Against Free Speech, The Federalist, July 7, 2017
Petey Brown's Water Signs, catalogue essay, Bowery Gallery, June 20, 2017
American Watercolor at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, The New Criterion, May 11, 2017
Exhibition note: On Seurat's Circus Sideshow at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The New Criterion, May 2017
William Merritt Chase at the Museum of Fine Arts, The New Criterion, January 13, 2017
Guido Cagnacci at the Frick, The New Criterion, January 5, 2017
Exhibition note: On “Klimt and the Women of Vienna’s Golden Age, 1900–1918” at the Neue Galerie, The New Criterion, January 2017
Fake Fretting About 'Fake News' at the New York Times, American Greatness, December 31, 2016
The beat goes on at Art Basel, The New Criterion, December 6, 2016
Modernism isn’t a style, he insisted, it’s a working attitude. Walter Darby Bannard, 1934 to 2016, Artcritical, October 26, 2016
Frances Stark - The Art of Innuendo, The Arts Fuse, September 20, 2016
Sue Post: Weed/Garden, The Painting Center, September 6, 2016
Cultural Marxists Are Actually Pomofascists, The Federalist, September 6, 2016
Giorgio Morandi at the Center for Italian Modern Art, The New Criterion, June 23, 2016
A Pair of Drawing Shows at the Harvard Art Museums, The Arts Fuse, June 9, 2016
Northern Exposure: Lawren Harris at the MFA, The New Criterion, April 7, 2016
"Painting Tranquility," at Scandinavia House, The New Criterion, January 21, 2016
'Leap Before You Look' at the ICA, The New Criterion, December 23, 2015
RE: Appropriation, The New York Times Magazine, October 18, 2015
Homemade Mayonnaise Is The Very Essence Of Conservatism, The Federalist, October 9, 2015
Is Cultural Appropriation Ever Wrong?, The Federalist, October 6, 2015
Hail the High Priestess: Kyle Staver and the Cult of Painting, Artcritical, September 28, 2015
"Van Gogh and Nature" at the Clark, The New Criterion, September 9, 2015
Labor Day Shout Outs: Selected Shows Opening in New York, Artcritical, September 7, 2015
Boston Kimono Alarms Culture Crusaders, The Federalist, July 10, 2015
The Art of Thomas Hart Benton - Patriotic Correctness, The Arts Fuse, June 22, 2015
Boston's Rising Artists: The City's Creative Class Is Quickly Ascending the World's Artistic Ranks, Boston Common Magazine, Issue 3, Summer 2015
State of Art: Expect Abstraction, Digital Art - Even a Robot Or Two - At Boston's Cutting-Edge Galleries, Boston Common Magazine, Issue 3, Summer 2015
Oops, I Guess I Just Raped Emma Sulkowicz, The Federalist, June 15, 2015
Cultural Appropriation Is Culture, The Federalist, May 7, 2015
Presentational: Walter Darby Bannard on his early reductive paintings, Artcritical, April 8, 2015
“Pretty Raw” at the Rose Art Museum, The Arts Fuse, March 8, 2015
When Artists Fear their Audience, City Journal, January 23, 2015
The Annual Arts Fuse Holiday Gift Roundup - Tips From Enthusiasts, The Arts Fuse, December 19, 2014
Mark Rothko's Harvard Murals - Splendidly Revived, The Arts Fuse, November 11, 2014
Review: “Calder and Abstraction” at Peabody Essex Museum, Arma Virumque at The New Criterion, November 5, 2014
"Goya: Order and Disorder" - A Mountain of Superlatives, The Arts Fuse, October 14, 2014
Lester Johnson - Existentialism’s Matisse, The Arts Fuse, October 7, 2014
Take Another Look: Irving Sandler in Conversation with Franklin Einspruch, Artcritical, September 12, 2014
The Paintings of John Heliker — Ripe for Rediscovery, The Arts Fuse, August 8, 2014
Jamie Wyeth at Boston’s MFA — Liberally Peppered with Shlock, The Arts Fuse, July 31, 2014
In New Haven - Five West Coast Artists and William Bailey, The Arts Fuse, June 27, 2014
Radically Conservative: Susan Vecsey & James Walsh, Artcritical, June 21, 2014
Jim Hodges — Applying Sentiment to Post-Minimalism, The Arts Fuse, June 5, 2014
Game About Discoveries, Intrigues Of 17th Century 'New Science' Isn't Child's Play, WBUR ARTery, January 25, 2014
Lil’ Older Sister Comes Of Age: Miami Before Basel, Artcritical, December 8, 2013
When Hostility Turns Into Mannerism, Subtle Simplicity Offers Respite, Artcritical, December 6, 2013
Exhibition note: Review of "Balthus: Cats and Girls - Paintings and Provocations" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The New Criterion, December 2013
Five Highlights from the TransCultural Exchange’s 2013 Conference, The Arts Fuse, October 24, 2013
Coders And Creatives Intersect At MIT’s Hacking Arts, WBUR ARTery, October 3, 2013
Courbet’s Mighty Power - His Art and Its Influence On Other Artists, The Arts Fuse, September 22, 2013
Oil as Water: POUR at Lesley Heller and Asya Geisberg, Artcritical, September 19, 2013
Vulgarity With A Vengeance: The Clement Greenberg Myth Machine, Abstract Critical, September 19, 2013
'Crystal Brawl' To 'Kung Fu Volleyball' - Exploring Indie Games At FIG, WBUR ARTery, September 12, 2013
At the Currier Museum of Art and the MFA — Bask in the Deadly Splendor of the Samurai, The Arts Fuse, April 27, 2013
Portraitist Anders Zorn - From Stardom to Seclusion, The Arts Fuse, April 5, 2013
Sylvia Plimack Mangold, Art in America, April 2013
A Splendid “Teaching the Body” - Exploring the Venerable Art of Anatomy, The Arts Fuse, March 29, 2013
The Story of Comics as Poetry, Creative Relay, March 15, 2013
Paul Klee - Philosophical Thinker?, The Arts Fuse, November 10, 2012
Ying Li: No Middle Way, Cantor Fitzgerald Gallery, Haverford College, September 7, 2012
A Workshop with Barry Moser, Abstract Bookwright, The Arts Fuse, August 29, 2012
Anya Janssen, Art in America, June 2012
On "Dreams of Nature: Symbolism from Van Gogh to Kandinsky” at the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, The New Criterion, June 2012
Being Odd, Getting Even: Odd Nerdrum at Forum Gallery, The New York Sun, April 6, 2012
The Last Nude - An Engaging Historical Fiction About Seductive Surfaces, The Arts Fuse, March 30, 2012
On Never Meeting the Master: Hilton Kramer, 1928-2012, The New York Sun, March 27, 2012
A Revel in Rome, Relived in Rotterdam, The New York Sun, March 16, 2012
Ruben Ochoa, Art in America, March 2012
Renoir and the Force of Delicacy, The New York Sun, March 1, 2012
Exhibition Note: On "Johann Zoffany RA: Society Observed” at the Yale Center for British Art, The New Criterion, February 2012
A Visual Artist Looks at "Red", The Arts Fuse, January 18, 2012
Bill Scott, Art in America, January 2012
Structural Weirdness and Stable Harmony: A.A. Rucci, Artcritical, December 24, 2011
Miami at a Gentler Pulse, Artcritical, December 22, 2011
Will Barnet at 100, The Arts Fuse, November 29, 2011
Liquid on Stone: Wendy Artin's Parthenon Friezes, The New York Sun, November 16, 2011
"Academic" and Other Pejoratives, paper delivered at the Southeastern College Art Conference, November 11, 2011
High and Low: What is Excellence in the Arts?, keynote speech delivered at Augusta State University, October 21, 2011
Waterworks: Anne Neely at Lohin Geduld, Artcritical, October 6, 2011
An Art Fair for the Artists: Vaulting the Gatekeepers on Governors Island, The New York Sun, September 17, 2011
Ying Li, Art in America, September 2011
Interesting for No Good Reason: Lois Dodd in Maine, Artcritical, August 24, 2011
Artists John Heliker and Robert Lahotan - Spirits of Generosity, The Arts Fuse, August 20, 2011
The Indispensable American Artist Fairfield Porter, The Arts Fuse, August 4, 2011
Lucian Freud, 1922-2011, The New York Sun, July 22, 2011
Paintings That Shouldn’t Work: Elisabeth Condon, Artcritical, July 19, 2011
Krazy as Muse: Walter Darby Bannard and the Comics of George Herriman, The Hooded Utilitarian, July 19, 2011
Mel Kendrick, Art in America, June 30, 2011
Late Spring: Leon Kossoff at Mitchell-Innes & Nash, Artcritical, June 5, 2011
Caro's Authority, The New York Sun, June 3, 2011
The Last Gesture Succeeds, Despite Cognitive Slurry, The Arts Fuse, May 13, 2011
Out of the Reach of Premeditation: New Works by Jane Freilicher, Artcritical, April 23, 2011
Exhibition Note: On "Elegant Enigmas: The Art of Edward Gorey" at the Boston Athenæum, The New Criterion, April 2011
A Gold-Feathered Bird Sings in the Palm, New York Sun, March 30, 2011
Judicial Review #5: After the Hoopla — The MFA’s New Art of the Americas Wing, The Arts Fuse, March 11, 2011
Star-Crossed Painters: Laurie Fendrich and Peter Plagens, Artcritical, February 14, 2011
Abstraction in a Cold Climate, Artcritical, November 21, 2010
The Art of Leonardo Drew - An Abstract World Subject to Abstract Laws, The Arts Fuse, October 27, 2010
Exhibition Note: On "Morris Graves: Falcon of the Inner Eye, A Centennial Celebration” at the Michael Roesenfeld Gallery, New York, The New Criterion, October 2010
Alex Katz - Superficiality Equals Profundity?, The Arts Fuse, September 9, 2010
American Moderns @ Portland Museum of Art, Big Red & Shiny, August 16, 2010
Shahnama: Three museums, 1,000 years, The Weekly Dig, July 21, 2010
Charles LeDray @ ICA, The Weekly Dig, July 19, 2010
Conceptualism for Sale: How the Art World Uses Low Standards for Fun and Profit, talk delivered at Winkleman Gallery in New York City, March 19, 2010
Walter Darby Bannard: Then and Now, catalog essay, Center for Visual Communication, December 5, 2009
John Sanchez: Recorded Eyesight, catalog essay, Dorsch Gallery, October 10, 2009
Exhibition note: On Prendergast in Italy at the Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, Massachusetts, The New Criterion, September 2009
The Mind of Materials: Why a Good Education in Art Emphasizes Techniques Over Ideas, paper delivered at 2009 FATE Conference, Portland, Oregon, January 27, 2009
The Art of Dialogue, letter of comment in Vue Weekly, September 18, 2008
George Bethea, Prajna: Color and Light, catalog essay, Dorsch Gallery, April 14, 2007
Head in the Clouds: What Obscures Vik Muniz's Art Is Also What Preserves It, Miami SunPost, April 6, 2006
RISD exhibitions draw connections surrounding Degas, Boston Globe, January 1, 2006
Right Intention, Accent Miami, Issue 6, 2005 (September)
At Ease in Two Worlds: New and ancient, real and perceived, Occidental and Oriental, Miami New Times, April 28, 2005
Robert Rauschenberg, Miami New Times, April 7, 2005
Academy, Marketplace, and the End of Institutionalized Taste, newCrit, March 13, 2005
Going It Alone: Andrew Wyeth never liked crowds, especially art-world crowds, Miami New Times, February 17, 2005
Miami, Where the Grass Is Greener, New York Foundation for the Arts Interactive, February 9, 2005
Jama, Miami New Times, January 20, 2005
Collage Series, Miami New Times, January 20, 2005
Carla Fache, Miami New Times, January 20, 2005
Undercover, Miami New Times, January 6, 2005
Miami Paintant, Miami New Times, December 30, 2004
Paintings of Mythic Proportions, RISD Views, Fall 2004 (October)
Grand Examples, RISD Views, Fall 2004 (October)
Around Town: Miami, New York Foundation for the Arts Interactive, September 22, 2004
Jennifer Basile, catalog essay, Kendall Campus Art Gallery, Miami Dade College, September 2004
Come and get it: All You Can Eat, at the Art and Culture Center of Hollywood, takes a bite out of consumer society, Street Weekly, August 19, 2004
A thin line: Rocket Projects' Drawing Conclusions 2 is a lot like last year's show. Just not as good., Street Miami, July 9, 2004
Bird drop-ins: A new show has local artists building houses for our fine feathered friends, Street Miami, June 10, 2004
Little pink houses: Rick Newton's Cul-de-Sac Utopia captures the beauty - and dangers - of the suburban landscape, Street Miami, June 10, 2004
Snitzer re-loads: the gallery owner celebrates his move - lock, stock, and barrel - to a new art 'hood, Street Miami, June 10, 2004
Close to Perfection: Chuck Close Prints highlights the famed artist's exacting attention to detail, Street Miami, May 21, 2004
Walk This Way: In a Thousand Beautiful Things, Maria Jose Arjona traces her steps, Street Miami, May 14, 2004
Culture Clash: Edwin Montalvo Remixes the Masters at Kevin Bruk, Street Miami, May 7, 2004
Horrible Prettiness: John Pylypchuk brings his paradoxical perspectives to Locust Projects, Street Miami, April 9, 2004
MAM/Russell Crotty, Street Miami, March 12, 2004
Remain in Light Wheel: To intense effect, one artist chooses the primary colors of light over pigment, Miami New Times, November 13, 2003
Introduction to Steven Kaplan's "Miami on the Brink", Accent Miami, Issue #4 (September 2003)
Art History 101: Okay, before there was Jeff Koons, there were these people called the masters, Miami New Times, July 10, 2003
Art By District: Rocket Projects adds critical mass to the burgeoning North Miami Avenue arts corridor, Miami New Times, June 26, 2003
Framed Like Miami: Opening up the House of Cards sums up our impermanent, transient existence, Miami New Times, June 5, 2003
The End, Miami Art Exchange, April 4, 2003
Value and Validation, newCrit, January 18, 2003
Arty Party: The art exhibit as circus is fun, but don't be fooled by what you see, letter of comment in the Miami New Times, September 12, 2002
Egg Tempera: An Enduring Tradition, Miami Art Exchange, June 20, 2002
Dead Certainty and the Art of Gerhard Richter, newCrit, May 9, 2002
Basel, Shmasel, Accent Miami, Issue 2, 2002 (April)
Different Players, Same Team: A conversation with Neil Whitacre and Franklin Einspruch, Miami Art Exchange, January 31, 2002
Miami's Artistic Childhood, Accent Miami, Issue 1, 2001
Hit and Miss at MAM, Miami Art Exchange, September 5, 2001
Now THIS is an Exchange!, Miami Art Exchange, August 14, 2001
The Race for the Bottom, Miami Art Exchange, August 7, 2001
Monsters and Odd Men, Miami Art Exchange, July 31, 2001
This Just In: Drawing, Portraiture Relevant, Miami Art Exchange, July 10, 2001
Pushing Over Four Monitors: A Proposal for P.S.1, Miami Art Exchange, February 5, 2001
Bernice Steinbaum Gallery: 'Levity and Gravity' 1st, Coral Gables Gazette, August 2, 2000
The Sorcerer's Apprentice: Art Museum opts for clean sweep with collaborative show, Coral Gables Gazette, June 6, 2000
Art Schools Teach Too Much 'Gimmickry,' Wtih Not Enough Real Education, letter of comment in the Chronicle of Higher Education, May 26, 2000
Gables Pastels: Drawings by Tom Spain showcase the City Beautiful, Coral Gables Gazette, May 9, 2000
Cadmus's The Fleet's In! still relevant: Wolfsonian exhibits controversial '34 work, Coral Gables Gazette, January 12, 2000
MAM, MoCA exhibit masters of abstraction, Coral Gables Gazette, December 22, 1999
True Identity: Dorsch Gallery shows post-modern woodcuts, Coral Gables Gazette, December 1, 1999
MAM shows To The Rescue: Eight Artists in an Archive, Coral Gables Gazette, November 16, 1999
Italy: an itinerary for the crowd-shy, Coral Gables Gazette, October 20, 1999
Physical Revelations: Drawings mirror x-rays' power to show, Coral Gables Gazette, September 8, 1999
Laundromat Locomotion: Process more compelling than product, Coral Gables Gazette, August 25, 1999
William Maguire: Photographs, Coral Gables Gazette, July 7, 1999
Vignettes: An exhibit of today's minimalism, Coral Gables Gazette, June 16, 1999
The Dream Collection... Part Five, Coral Gables Gazette, May 26, 1999
Carolina Salazar's 'Head-on', Coral Gables Gazette, May 12, 1999
The world according to Winters, Coral Gables Gazette, April 21, 1999
Vision realigned at MAM, Coral Gables Gazette, April 7, 1999
Randi Chaplin, catalog essay, April 1999
Lichtenstein: Bass exhibit shows creativity, persistence pay off, Coral Gables Gazette, March 24, 1999
Randi Chaplin asks What is Love?, Coral Gables Gazette, March 10, 1999
Mosaics fitting a cathedral of modern-day capitalism, Coral Gables Gazette, February 24, 1999
'Airplane Parts' soars at Miami Art Museum, Coral Gables Gazette, February 10, 1999
Gardens of Terrible Beauty, Coral Gables Gazette, February 3, 1999
The Aegean Center for the Fine Arts, American Arts Quarterly, Fall 1998
Kerry Ware, catalog essay, Dorsch Gallery, September 1997
How far will you go?, letter of comment in Flash Art, July 1997
An Ideology for the New Radical, American Arts Quarterly, Summer 1997
Roberta Marks and Heather Marcus at Barbara Gillman Gallery, PostMortem, Issue 190
Support public TV, radio (voices of reason), letter of comment in the Miami Herald, March 30, 1992
Total writings: 251